Motorcycles Create More Greenhouse Gas Emissions than SUVs
If you thought that Hummer drivers were bad, think again. According to a study by the University of California Berkeley, emissions from motorcycles dwarf that of SUVs. In fact, a sport bike can be responsible for 1.5 times the total greenhouse gas emissions of a typical SUV over the lifetime of the vehicles.
The fact that Hummer drivers were given such grief by the environmental community and motorcycle drivers are getting off relatively scott free is surprising.
How Much Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2) Do Motorcycles Emit Compared to Cars and Trucks?
The following chart shows the amount of greenhouse gas emissions per passenger mile traveled (PMT) for seven classes of vehicles including sedans, SUVs, pickup trucks, diesel buses, and motorcycles (2-cyl, 4-cyl, and sport bikes).
Lifecycle GHG Emissions by Vehicle Class
Chart Units Y-Axis: grams/PMT

Adapted From: UC Berkeley Center for Future of Urban Transport Report: Life-cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, Chicago Rail, and New York City Rail
Federal regulations help to control motorcycle emissions, but the regulations don't do enough to make them emissions competitive with a hybrid car, which, if it were represented in this chart above, would easily prevail as the most efficient vehicle per PMT.
Looking up the exact amount of emissions that are generated from a specific model of motorcycle is quite difficult because manufacturers aren't required to test and register the fuel economy with the Environmental Protection Agency. Auto manufactures, on the other hand, have to test every make and model and report the fuel economy.
The Los Angeles Times recently covered the topic that motorcycles mileage and emissions are not reported in the government fuel economy guides in the article The Measure of Motorcycles' MPG.
Are Motorcycle Emissions Regulated?
Yes. The Federal Government has been trying to get a handle on motorcycle emissions for years because they are also responsible for high levels of other nasty "criteria air pollutants" like Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), PM10, SOx, and NOx. You can find the current EPA regulations here: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/roadbike.htm
The following chart shows the amount of VOCs emitted by vehicle class.
Lifecycle Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) (mg/PMT) By Mode of Transport
Chart Units Y-Axis: milligrams/PMT

Adapted From: UC Berkeley Center for Future of Urban Transport Report: Life-cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, Chicago Rail, and New York City Rail
Does this Mean that Motorcycles are Bad for the Environment?
In short, yes; especially sport bikes. The amount of environmental impact and greenhouse gas emissions that motorcycles emit over the course of their lifetimes is very large compared to alternate modes of transportation.
If you want to reduce your impact, then you should take the bus during peak hours (i.e. rush hour) because, according to the information published by UC Berkeley, that is the least harmful way to cover ground in a motor vehicle.
What Others Have Said...
Matt Oden says:
Hi Romedeiros1970,
I agree, that motorcycles and SUVs are both "huge offenders" in terms of GHG emissions.
The study used a occupancy rate of 1.46 passengers for SUVs. You can find this number on page 10 of the report under the LDDT column on the chart. In the beginning of the report they state that SUVS are assumed to have the same characteristics as light duty diesel trucks (LDDTs). All the data is normalized by the value for cross-comparison purposes.
With that being said, you do make a really good point. When I see SUVs on the road they are often only transporting 1 person and from what I observe, there usually isn't a bunch of cargo from the Home Improvement Store or Costco in the back to justify the explicit use of the vehicle class!
Passenger Miles Travelled figures are published by the department of transportation and those values are used by this study.
If the study had used the 1 passenger per vehicle value for SUVs like they used for sport bikes, then SUVs would have come out much much worse on the charts.
Thanks for your observations,
Matt
simplefulllife (not verified) says:
I know friends who ride sports bikes and get good fuel economy, from 40mpg on a 1000cc to 80+ on a 250cc. I believe this is seen in the reasonable operating numbers.
The large lifetime numbers are interesting though, perhaps due to higher maintenance needs, more exotic / lower volume manufacturing, or much less longevity?
I suspect these numbers have to do with the recreational nature of motorcycle riders in North America: aggressive, overpowered and more exotic bikes. If used in similar manner as other vehicles, like in other parts of the world, the numbers should be lower?
CarbonPig says:
You have good point Simplefulllife.
Motorcycle riders in N. America, especially sport bike riders, tend to drive very aggressively.
Sport bikes are primarily used for recreation and are produced in relatively low numbers compared to sedans or popular SUV models. Therefore, the bikes can't spread their production footprint across large production volumes.
Like many things eco, economies of scale often yields great efficiency.
-CarbonPig
undeadbydawn (not verified) says:
A similar study recently found that a medium sized dog caused more lifetime environmental damage than an SUV. Only problem was they didn't account for fuel use.
Without proper context, as pointed out above, these studies are dangerously misleading.
Matt Oden says:
Hello UndeadByDawn,
Here are a few articles that reference the dog study you were likely referring to:
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427311.600-how-green-is-your-pet...
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iff46ra1X3B9m0rMediJS...
http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20091220/sc_afp/lifestyleclimatewarminganima...
Thanks for the heads up,
Matt
vw-traveller (not verified) says:
Yeah,
I'm wary of that graph until I get more info on the units of the y-axis. Especially i the "lifetime" chart, since most motorcycles in the US are rarely used and accumulate very few miles. Just search for used motorcycles and you will see that a 10 year old bike rarely has more than 10k miles. That couples with the amount of very few motorcycles on the road.
I know that my bike gets 60 miles/gallon. I think badly documented graphs like this do more harm than good.
Yes, it is true that motorcycles have very few emissions controls, but fuel injected bikes are becoming more and more common. And if future motorcycles have somewhat comparable emissions controls to cars, the daily single passenger commute will be better for the environment on a bike than in any ic car.
lars2885 (not verified) says:
The "lifetime" estimates include a whole group of factors additional to tailpipe emissions. These factors include vehicle manufacture, along with less obvious things like assessments for roadway construction and highway lighting.
Even the operating emissions are curious and make sense only in light of differences in use patterns determined by the Berkely authors. For example, greenhouse gas emissions associated with driving a motorcyle over its lifetime were 15 mt for the 2-cyl bike and 16 mt for the sport bike (pages 34 & 36). How could they be so close? The 2-cyl was driven 75,000 miles, while the sport bike only went 60,000 miles, and the 2-cyl got 45 mpg while the sport bike got 33 mpg (pages 8 & 9). So 1666 lifetime gallons of gas for the 2-cyl and 1818 gallons for the sport bike, which makes the lifetime emissions from driving closer than I would have suspected. If you said the 2-cyl got 60 mpg and the sport bike 40, the difference would be larger but not much larger.
The inclusion of non-operating emissions makes this an interesting report, and I was happy to see it linked here.
Matt Oden says:
Hi vw-traveller and Lars2885,
The title of the chart gives the units of the y-axis, which are in mg/PMT. Sorry the graph doesn't contain the units. I think the font is the same color as the background of the chart, so you can't see them.
Anyhow, you bring up an interesting point about fuel injection. How would fuel injection change the emissions profile? Forgive my lack of knowledge on this aspect.
Motorcycles do get good mileage on a per gallon basis. A lot of the life cycle emissions come in at the manufacturing stage.
I think that it would be great if we moved towards widespread use of light electric vehicles that were battery powered and charged by renewable resources like wind.
Thanks for the comment,
Matt
lars2885 (not verified) says:
Hi Matt
An issue I'd like to know more about is the carbon footprint for manufacturing and end-of-life recycling for the batteries associated with the almost-now generation of electric cars. I'd like to keep my carbon emissions small, but don't know if an electric car will do that over its full lifecycle.
Matt Oden says:
Hi Lars2885,
You got it! I'll write up an article on the subject soon and let you know!
Cheers,
Matt
lars2885 (not verified) says:
Thanks Matt, I'll look forward to it.
Best, lars
Matt Oden says:
Hi Lars,
As requested: http://carbonpig.com/article/electric-cars-dont-use-fossil-fuel-whats-en...
Please give me some feedback and forward to your friends...
Cheers,
Matt
Motorcyclist (not verified) says:
Motorcycles emit more but get driven much much less. That is no excuse, manufascturers should catch up. BMW has been for years been ahead of the rest, probably on a par with cars (I don't have the numbers to be completely sure). The push here should be to the manufacturers and not even MORE restriction of freedom as to what we do as individuals.
CarbonPig says:
Hi Motorcyclist!
True: Motorcycles do get driven much less; generally.
I really like your point about pushing the manufacturers to improve their operations; especially on the manufacturing process, where a significant portion of the life-cycle emissions are accounted for.
We don't want to give up our freedom in the long-term, but maybe in the short term we'll have to limit our use of motorcycles to send a message to the manufacturers.
Ride On,
CP
Just an Island Girl (not verified) says:
My hometown is on a small island, and we use mopeds and the like a LOT, because they get better gas mileage overall and are easier to handle. Do these count as 'motorcycles'? Also, interesting to run into this webpage.. and you... again... Was writing a letter to some people about carbon emissions, and this popped up and I recognized you.
Matt Oden says:
Hello Just an Island Girl,
Mopeds emit more greenhouse gases (GHGs) than motorcycles believe it or not!
Despite getting really great mileage, the way that they burn fuel is highly inefficient and polluting. In an article titled Air Pollution: Asia's Two-Stroke Engine Dilemma, published via the National Institute of Environmental Health Services, Carol Potera points out that, "...two-stroke engines burn an oil–gasoline mixture, they emit more smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter than the gas-only four-stroke engines found in newer motorcycles."
Aminu Jalal, an engineer for the Nigerian National Automotive Council, presented some to-the-point power point slides on the technical disadvantages of two-stroke engines compared to four-stroke engines at the the Nigerian Conference on Clean Air, Clean Fuels and Vehicles, which was hosted in Abuja during May of 2006, that are easy to understand for non-technical folks.
You mentioned you know me. Who are you Island Girl? Contact me.
Eco-Mindedly,
Matt
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romedeiros1970 (not verified) says:
Motorcycles emit more GHG than they should, BUT that does not mean Hummers are better. Passenger Mile Traveled means a full vehicle, and Hummers seem to rarely be full. For a single person in a Hummer, you have to multiply the emissions by 5!!! Huge difference.
The methodology of the paper assumed 1 passenger per sportbike, but failed to make the same assumption for SUVs. Interesting.
The bottom line is that both are huge offenders in their present conditions, and both could be electric already.